Psychology schoolcraft

A psychologist in the counseling center interviews a student in crisis who is having suicidal thoughts. As part of the assessment process, the psychologist administers a test designed to evaluate potential suicide risk. Which type of validity is the psychologist relying on in this scenario? statistical validity face validity predictive validity construct validity predictive validity What do the cases described in the text of the 46-year old woman who had hallucinations due to epilepsy and Kathy Buckley, the comedienne and inspirational speaker, have in common?

Both were able to succeed in their occupations without having to spend time in psychiatric hospitals. Both were accurately diagnosed in early childhood as having dual diagnoses. Both were misdiagnosed as having organic depressive reactions. Both were misdiagnosed as having psychological disorders. Both were misdiagnosed as having psychological disorders. William was treated for anxiety related to test-taking. At the end of his therapy, he reported fewer anxiety symptoms and a better ability to manage his fear of failure. Most probably, William's progress will be viewed as _______ at termination.

Clinically significant a partial failure treatment resistant clinically insignificant clinically significant Miguel is a 24-year old married man who was referred by his physician to a psychologist for assessment. In order for the psychologist to release information to Miguel's doctor, the psychologist would want to ensure that the information is accurate and reviewed by Miguel before it is released. the psychologist would want to clear the release with Miguel's wife for legal reasons. Miguel would have to provide permission for the release of information to either his wife or his doctor.

Miguel would waive his right to confidentiality since his physician made the original referral and the assessment is part of his medical record. Miguel would have to provide permission for the release of information to either his wife or his doctor. The construction of the 567-item Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI) took a novel approach to test construction known as empirical keying. discrimination keying. diagnostic keying. predictive validity keying. empirical keying.

The theoretical orientation of a person conducting a psychological assessment affects the selection of assessment tools but not the interpretation of data resulting from testing. range and scope of the assessment. selection of assessment tools but only for very young children. estimated amount of time the assessment process will take. range and scope of the assessment. The Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale (BPRS) is a clinician-administered scale that measures a broad range of psychological symptoms. focuses on the patient's perceptions of his or her progress in treatment. uses 21 items to assess psychological functioning in inpatient populations. is used exclusively with psychiatric patients.

Measures a broad range of psychological symptoms. A noted leader in the field of assessment, Paul Meehl, argued as early as 1954 that _______ were far more accurate than __________. clinical judgments; statistical predictions statistical predictions; clinical judgments clinical judgments; psychometric scores psychometric scores; statistical predictions statistical predictions; clinical judgments The Wisconsin Card Sorting Test (WCST) assesses an individual's ability to set shift, or display flexibility in thinking as the goal of a task changes. As a "frontal lobe test," it is able to discriminate and detect only subcortical lesions.

A frontal lesion from a nonfrontal lesion in a patient. persons at risk for a seizure disorder. violent versus nonviolent patients. a frontal lesion from a nonfrontal lesion in a patient. Select the statement that is most likely TRUE of dimensional models. They are innately more complex that categorical models. They lead to considerable within-category heterogeneity. They pigeonhole patients into types. They facilitate clinical decision-making more than categorical models do. They are innately more complex that categorical models. Ataque de nervios is a problem common among first-generation college students.

Culture-bound syndrome. a condition found only in young children. disorder lacking empirical support. culture-bound syndrome. Geraldine has completed an IQ test. In reviewing the test results, the psychologist observes that the patient's Verbal Comprehension Index (VCI) is significantly lower than her Perceptual Reasoning Index (PRI). Given this information, which of the following tests has the psychologist administered to Geraldine? Stanford-Binet Intelligence Scale Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale-IV Luria-Nebraska Intelligence Test Simon Intelligence Test for Adults Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale-IV.

According to your text, the hormone oxytocin may be responsible for our ability to form close relationships recall emotional events. form sensory memories. discriminate physiological sensations. form close relationships A client is diagnosed as having an anxiety disorder using a categorical system of classification. Knowing this, what else might you suspect about this client? The client falls into a single category with no other overlap in other categories. The client's issues are developmental and rooted in a life-span challenge. There is a 45% chance she also has at least one other disorder.

There is no likelihood of comorbidity. There is a 45% chance she also has at least one other disorder. Diagnostic systems for abnormal behavior are broad and include a library of diagnostic labels. These labels increase understanding of the disorder, facilitate communication, and help the therapist plan the patient's treatment. identify the psychological causes of abnormal behaviors. help the patient assume responsibility for the disorder. indicate the physiological features of a disorder. help the therapist plan the patient's treatment.

The Reliable Change Index (RCI) is a measure of the change in a patient's condition from the beginning to end of therapy. the predicted change in a patient's behavior compared with that of similar patients. the degree of change in a patient's condition estimated to be attributable to non-therapeutic factors the degree of change a therapist might expect based on a particular form of treatment. the change in a patient's condition from the beginning to end of therapy. Compared with a categorical system, a dimensional approach to classification allows all symptoms to be described regardless of cut-off scores. allows all disorders to be classified into discrete, valid categories.

Would be more promising if it decreased interrater reliability. would allow symptoms to be rated cross-culturally. allows all symptoms to be described regardless of cut-off scores. Joe comes to the counseling center with complaints of "overwhelming anxiety" in social situations. After an initial interview, the psychologist asks Joe to complete a homework assignment: identifying the nature of the situations in which he is anxious. He is asked to recall what happens just before he becomes anxious and what happens immediately after he becomes anxious. What would the psychologist be trying to find out about Joe's anxiety attacks?

The internal, enduring states maintaining the emotional reaction. The negative reinforcers present before the anxiety is experienced. The classically conditioned extinction response that precedes the behavior. The antecedents and consequences of the behavior that are maintaining it. The antecedents and consequences of the behavior that are maintaining it. The intelligence quotient or IQ was originally determined by dividing a child's chronological age by his mental age. WRONG taking the child's mental age and dividing it by his chronological age. using the mental age as a gauge of natural intelligence.

Comparing a child's score with those obtained by peers. taking the child's mental age and dividing it by his chronological age. Which of the following is an example of an open-ended interview question? "Tell me more about it. " "Do you have periods of feeling blue or hopeless? " "How frequently do you miss class? " "Is your family supportive of your decision to seek treatment? " "Tell me more about it. " While beneficial in many ways, classification schemes for mental disorders have been criticized because they may lead to self-fulfilling prophecies on the part of the patient. complicate communication among professionals.

Have not yet moved away from the psychoanalytic perspective. do not assist in treatment planning. may lead to self-fulfilling prophecies on the part of the patient. A construct validity score represents whether two independent practitioners agree on a diagnosis. the degree to which a test accurately assesses a specific concept and not other related concepts. a test's ability to discriminate a patient who is trying to fake symptoms. the percent of test-takers who show reliable scores on a test measuring an related constructs. the degree to which a test accurately assesses a specific concept and not other related concepts.

Of the many factors influencing the choice of assessment tools, one of the most important factors affecting a clinician's choice is the length of time it takes to administer an assessment tool. difficulty of scoring a test. availability of computer-scoring services for validity. person's age and developmental status. person's age and developmental status. According to the text, a major limitation of the current DSM approach is that not all persons with the exact same diagnosis experience the exact same symptoms. not all persons experience the exact same symptoms at the exact same age.

All people do not accept the underlying etiology of their disorders. all people do not meet all symptoms outlined for a disorder. not all persons with the exact same diagnosis experience the exact same symptoms. William is concerned about appearing "psychologically healthy" when taking a test. Having sensed this patient's veiled intent during part of the clinical interview, the psychologist decides to use a personality test that might validate his clinical hunch. Which of the following test is the clinician likely to choose? Global Assessment of Functioning Scale Millon Clincal Multiaxial Inventory.

Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory Wisconsin Card Sorting Test Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory Select the statement that is most likely TRUE of dimensional models. They are innately more complex that categorical models. They lead to considerable within-category heterogeneity. They pigeonhole patients into types. They facilitate clinical decision-making more than categorical models do. They are innately more complex that categorical models. All of the following are psychometric properties of assessment instruments EXCEPT validity reliability standardization replicability replicability 1.

A psychologist is conducting an assessment of a child who appears to have high distractibility in a classroom setting. The psychologist is interested in what happens just before the child is distracted from a task, how the child behaves during the distracted period, and what happens immediately after the task disruption. In assessing the relationship between situational influences and behavior, the psychologist is using a psychoanalytic paradigm. behavioral paradigm. cognitive paradigm. diagnostic paradigm. behavioral paradigm.

From 1952 to the present, the number of diagnostic categories in DSM has approximately remained the same doubled reduced by half. tripled tripled If a psychologist wanted to test the effectiveness of a behavioral intervention for test anxiety, she would most likely choose what sort of assessment? a projective test an unstructured interview an open-ended-sentence completion test a test for the specific symptoms a test for the specific symptoms A psychologist might question the concept of "comorbidity" in DSM-IV-TR because it is difficult to determine if there are two distinct disorders present or if what is being observed is a different manifestation of a single disorder. manifestations of different symptoms in a given disorder are rare.

True comorbidity is not generally accepted by most mental health professionals. the concept of comorbidity implies the presence of an underlying medical disorder. it is difficult to determine if there are two distinct disorders present or if what is being observed is a different manifestation of a single disorder. Of all disorders reported in the U. S. the most common are alcohol dependence and anxiety disorders Derek has a fear of elevators. He will always take the stairs rather than experience the anxiety of bein gin a closed space and the risk of plunging to his dealth if the elevator mafunctions.

What is maintaining Derek's avoidance of elevators? Negative Reinforcement Ataque de nervios is a culture bound syndrome found among Latinos. The notion that social forces play a role with respect to when this type of disorder occurs is supported by the fact that ataque symptoms frequently begin after some form of social disruptoin Juan in a freshman at a local university. He gets up at the same time each day and follows the same pattern: dysfunctional even in not distressful.

A study in you text addressing the relationship between SES and the likelihood of developing a psychological disorder among children found that children develop psychological disorders at the same rate Dr. Pambros returns abnormal psychology exams. Juanita, Kevin, and Morgan all receive grades of "c. " Juanita is gratefull to have passed...

The event is essentially neutral Gerry is a night watchman who has worked at the same company for 25 years. He is described as very shy and withdrawn around others. While this behavior is not problematic at work, his relatives find him "weird" and tend to shun him at family gatherings. Despite encouragement by his immediate family to mingle, Gerry hardly speaks to others at these events.

According to the "goodness-of-fit" concept, Gerry's behavior would A) not be viewed as a problem at family gatherings B) not be viewed as a problem at work but would be viewed as a problem at family gatherings. C) not be viewed as a problem at all. D) only be viewed as a problem if it caused difficulty for his immediate family. not be viewed as a problem at work but would be viewed as a problem at family gatherings In medieval Europe, mental illness was thought to be caused by evil or demonic spirits.

The term "deviance" implies behaving differently The social learning model of behavioral acquisition proposes that a person does not actually have to do the behavior to learn it. Excepto for drug and alcohol abuse, the highest rates of psychological disorders are found among persons with the lowest incomes and least amount of education Darien is 3 years old. He slips off a step, falls, and bruises his knee. Upon picking the crying toddler up, Darien's mother kisses his knee and gives him and M&M. Magically, Darien's pain disappears. The phenomenon would be known as the .................. in psychology. placebo effect.

While psychoanalytic and humanistic models assume that abnormality lies within the individual, ________ models assume that abnormal behavior must be understood in a larger context outside of the individual. A) phenomenological B) sociocultural C) sociopathic D) socioenvironmental B) sociocultural Which of the following forms of learning explains why television has a profound effect on children's learning? A) Operant Conditioning B) Vicarious Conditioning C) Classical Conditioning D) Shaping Conditioning B) Vicarious Conditioning Which of the following statements about differences found in the rates of psychological disorders in boys and girls at different ages is TRUE?

A) Both boys and girls peak at approximately the same age. B) Boys peak at age 13 but girls peak much earlier. C) Boys peak at approximately age 9 or 10 but girls peak in their early 20's. D) Boys peak around age 10 but girls reach their peak around age 16. D) Boys peak around age 10 but girls reach their peak around age 16. Which of the following statements is TRUE? A) Modern psychologists believe that psychopathology is physiologically based. B) Abnormal behavior may be best understood using a single theoretical framework. C) Understanding abnormal behaviors requires an integration of models.

D) Sociocultural factors are the best explanation for disordered behavior. C) Understanding abnormal behaviors requires an integration of models. When using the DSM model to determine abnormality of a behavior, which of the following statements is TRUE? A) The person's behavior is assessed both categorically and dimensionally. B) The person either falls into a category or doesn't fall into a category. C) The person's level of dysfunction is not considered. D) The behavior is not considered within a cultural context. B) The person either falls into a category or doesn't fall into a category.

In operant conditioning, a reinforcer serves to _______ a behavior it follows. A) extinguish B) weaken C) strengthen D) diminish C) strengthen The social learning model of behavioral acquisition proposes that A) only behaviors in a social context are reinforced. B) punishment is only effective in producing learning in humans. C) a person does not actually have to do the behavior to learn it. D) humans are motivated more by primary reinforcers than secondary reinforcers. C) a person does not actually have to do the behavior to learn it.

Which of the following statements about Josef Breuer's approach to the case of Anna O.

is TRUE? A) He recognized that Anna's difficulty moving her legs was due to general paresis, so he treated her with medication. B) Breuer believed that only psychoanalysis would help cure the hysteria manifested by Anna. C) He believed that the animal magnetism concept could be effective if the patient had faith in the placebo effect. D) Breuer believed that hypnosis could have a beneficial effect by allowing Anna to recall and discuss information that was relevant to the disorder. D) Breuer believed that hypnosis could have a beneficial effect by allowing Anna to recall and discuss information that was relevant to the disorder.

Whereas the behavioral approach focuses on ________, the cognitive model targets _______ in explaining behavior. A) external events; mental processes B) mental processes; external events C) thought distortions; punishment D) punishment; thought distortions A) external events; mental processes Carl Rogers proposed that phenomenology is critical in understanding an individual. Phenomenology means the A) difference between what one perceives and what one ought to do. B) subjective world of the individual. C) objective world of reality. D) degree to which objective reality and subjective reality are a fit.

B) subjective world of the individual. Except for drug and alcohol abuse, the highest rates of psychological disorders are found among persons with the lowest incomes and A) least amount of education. B) highest number of siblings. C) female gender. D) suburban places of residence. A) least amount of education. Jeffrey's therapist is conducting an initial interview with him. The therapist spends a lot of time asking questions about Jeffrey's parents and his early life experiences. Since he seems to view Jeffrey's parents as the "root cause" of his problems, this therapist is most likely oriented toward ____________.

A) psychoanalysis B) humanism C) behaviorism D) behavioral genetics A) psychoanalysis 54) Which of the following reinforcers meets the criterion for being "primary"? A) Money B) Attention C) Grades D) Power B) Attention Of all disorders reported in the U. S. , the most common are alcohol dependence and A) anxiety disorders. B) major depression. C) schizophrenic disorders. D) personality disorder. A) anxiety disorders. The case of Ted Kaczynski (the Unabomber) described in your text highlights the A) shift from eccentricity to behaving dangerously. B) stereotyping of a person with mental illness.

C) importance of early intervention in culture-bound illnesses, D) influence of the media on defining abnormal behavior. A) shift from eccentricity to behaving dangerously. A recent news story describes an unusual condition found among females at a local high school. After eating frozen yogurt from their cafeteria, a number of girls have begun to "spin wildly" throughout the lunchroom until being restrained by a faculty hall monitor. Immediately after being stopped, each girl reported feeling compelled to "spin" after eating. The number of girls involved in these incidents increased until the yogurt machine was removed from the cafeteria.

In all probability, this behavior can be considered an episode of A) mass-induced mania. B) mass hysteria. C) demonic possession. D) emotional dysplasia. B) mass hysteria. Which of the following statements about women and abnormal behavior within a sociocultural context is TRUE? A) Biological factors affect rates of mental illness for women around the world regardless of contextual factors. B) Socioeconomic status is unrelated to rates of mental illness for women. C) Some contextual factors place women at higher risk for psychological disorders. D) Gender role expectations do not influence the development of abnormal

behaviors. C) Some contextual factors place women at higher risk for psychological disorders. Raul is a college freshman who looks forward to weekend parties at college. He especially likes to play "beer pong" and is known on campus as a champion player. After a recent party, Raul received a DUI citation. Raul's parents have urged him to seek treatment for his "alcohol problem," but Raul refuses. He does not believe he has a drinking problem. In Freud's theory, which of the following defense mechanisms is Raul likely using? A) Intellectualization B) Rationalization C) Denial D) Repression C) Denial

The first physician to adopt a form of occupational therapy for patients was A) Pinel. B) Paracelsus. C) Dix. D) Hippocrates. A) Pinel. The diathesis-stress model of abnormal behavior assumes that A) a person who has a genetic predisposition for a disorder will exhibit the disorder at some point in time. B) biology and environmental factors interact to determine the likelihood that a person will exhibit abnormal behavior. C) a "diathesis" from the environment interacts with biological influences to produce disordered behavior.

D) stress causes B) biology and environmental factors interact to determine the likelihood that a Felicia believes that her cell phone is beginning to control her thoughts. She noticed this after she switched phone plans and thinks the problem began with the new service. This belief would typically be known as a A) delusion. B) hallucination. C) hysterical episode. D) melancholic thought. A) delusion. According to Freud, which of the following was critical to overcoming psychological difficulties? A) Empathy B) Hypnosis C) Insight D) Regression C) Insight The context of culture in abnormal psychology A) should not be a consideration in defining deviance. B) is important in understanding the behavior of children but not of adults.

C) is not important when applying the "goodness-of-fit" concept. D) is fundamental to the determination of "abnormality. " D) is fundamental to the determination of "abnormality. " In Pavlov's experiment with dogs, classical conditioning was demonstrated when A) the UCS elicited the CR B) the UCS elicited the UCR C) the CS elicited the CR D) the CS was paired with the UCS C) the CS elicited the CR A study in your text addressing the relationship between SES and the likelihood of developing a psychological disorder among children found that A) children from different SES groups develop psychological disorders at different rates.

B) children at particular ages develop psychological disorders at different rates. C) children from all SES groups develop psychological disorders at the same rates. D) children of middle-income parents have the lowest rates of illness. C) children from all SES groups develop psychological disorders at the same rates. Freud and his successor, Carl Jung, had fundamental disagreements about the motivation for behavior. While Freud thought that past events and sexual impulses were important, Jung believed that A) future goals and spiritual motivators were causal elements. B) past events and sexual and spiritual motivators were important.

C) present events and spiritual motivators cause behavior. D) birth order was the most important determinant. A) future goals and spiritual motivators were causal elements. The biopsychosocial perspective, compared with the perspectives of Freud, Jung, and Rogers, A) focuses on early developments as the diathesis. B) adequately explains all disorders. C) is broader than the other models. D) assumes the nature of man to be good. C) is broader than the other models. During which of the following psychosexual stages does a child experience fantasies about the opposite-sex parent? A) Genital Stage B) Anal Stage C) Oral Stage.

D) Phallic Stage D) Phallic Stage The pituitary gland is known as the "master gland" In females, it ontrols many funtions inluding the menstral cycle, lactation, and birth After being startled by a balloon that popped, you once again calm down. Which physial systems, in order, are involved in this example? sympathetic; parasympathetic Which of the following is NOT a benefit of the case study method? It allows for the evaluation of large groups with rare disorders One way to overcome a limitation o fthe case study method is to standardize the types of treatment methods used The brain stem is critical to survival because it 

controls most of our biological functions associated with living.

The National Institutes of Health is condution a study of aging that has been in progress for several years...... longitudinal Whereas effiacy research focuses on ______ effectiveness research targets _________ casual relationships; cost-benefit ratios The fiber used by a cell to transport information to other cells is called a(n) axon In order to draw casual conclusions about a research finding, a researcher must use a correlational design A screening device is able to indicate a problem when it is present and accurately indicate the absence of a problem when none exists.

In psychological terms, this would constitute screening specificity. screening sensitivity. WRONG differential diagnosis. sensitivity and specificity. sensitivity and specificity. During the course of a physical exam, a physician suspects his patient may be depressed. In order to explore this diagnostic possibility, the physician uses a "brief screening device" for depression. The doctor probably used the Audit to determine their level of depression. asked the patient two questions about feelings of hopelessness and feelings related to the enjoyment of activities.

Used the General Health Questionnaire (GHQ) to assess the degree to which the patient's depression was affecting general health. WRONG asked the patient to rate his degree of depression using the Checklist of Mood States (CMS). asked the patient two questions about feelings of hopelessness and feelings related to the enjoyment of activities. Mary, a 19-year old college sophomore, has been referred to a psychologist by her physician. Mary has a high level of anxiety and complains of intrusive thoughts that interfere with her ability to study for exams. She also reports having severe migraine headaches before exams.

Most likely, the psychologist will assume that the migraines are triggered by the stress of Mary's worries about exams and will assess her test-taking skills. WRONG disregard his theoretical approach and use behavioral assessments that have been proved effective in anxiety-reduction cases. conduct a brief assessment because of Mary's young age and the simplicity of the case. consider Mary's medical state, age, and symptoms in selecting appropriate assessment tools. I think this is the answer - consider Mary's medical state, age, and symptoms in selecting appropriate assessment tools.

The content and style of questions used in a clinical interview are guided by the presenting problem and the nature of the patient's difficulty. presenting problem. WRONG clincian's theoretical orientation. clincian's theoretical orientation and presenting problem. presenting problem and the nature of the patient's difficulty. Jose is asked to complete an assessment measure that focuses on depression. The instructions given on the instrument state, "Rate each of the following items using the following scale: Always, Frequently, Sometimes, or Never. " Which of the following types of assessment instruments is Jose being asked to complete?

Subjective response measure Self-report measure Clinician-rated measure Objective response measure - WRONG Subjective response measure In some branches of medicine, diagnosis refers to the identification of a physical illness and may be made on the basis of laboratory tests. In psychology, however, a diagnosis is made on the basis of a single behavior, if significant. made only after consultation with the primary physician. based more on the presence of clusters of symptoms. based on several significant epidemiological factors. based more on the presence of clusters of symptoms.

When considering a "normative" approach to interpreting a patient's score on an assessment instrument, the psychologist is interested in comparing the patient's score with scores of all persons who have taken the test. earlier scores for the same patient. WRONG scores of a comparable subgroup. scores of persons not in treatment. scores of a comparable subgroup Clinical assessments made for the purpose of diagnosis typically include an evaluation of the problem behavior's symptoms and severity, patterns of symptoms over time, and a clinical judgment as to the need for a second opinion a mental status exam by a collaborating psychiatrist. an evaluation of the patient's strengths and weaknesses. an estimation of the length of treatment time. WRONG an evaluation of the patient's strengths and weaknesses. 

Morgan obtains a score on a screening device for depression, which indicates the presence of significant depression. Morgan's psychologist is most likely to do what at this point in the assessment process? Refer Morgan for in-patient hospitalization Recommend further evaluation Repeat the testing to determine reliability Begin therapy given the immediate risk.

Recommend further evaluation During the college's health fair, the Counseling Center offers confidential testing to evaluate a student's risk for substance abuse. According to your text, this assessment process is typically known as a prospective evaluation. screening. differential risk measurement. risk evaluation. screening. About what percentage of all persons receiving a primary diagnosis have symptoms that meet the criteria for a second diagnosis? 30 10 50 25 50 The Guilford Test of Marital Discord is administered to a newly married young woman who is being seen in psychotherapy.

The results indicate that the woman is very unhappy in her marriage. Knowing that testing literature reports that the test has a high rate of false positives, a good clinician would be cautious of the results, as a high false positive rate means that the test may have inaccurately identified a problem when none existed. be confident in the results, as the patient's score exceeded a cut-off score. want to retest the young woman with the same instrument to reduce the false positive rate, which is most likely due to chance. be cautious because the young woman may not be answering questions honestly to hide her marital problems. be cautious of the results, as a high false positive rate means that the test may have inaccurately identified a problem when none existed. 

According to the text, a major limitation of the current DSM approach is that not all persons with the exact same diagnosis experience the exact same symptoms. not all persons experience the exact same symptoms at the exact same age. all people do not accept the underlying etiology of their disorde.